Method for making memory cell device

ABSTRACT

A memory cell device, including a memory material element switchable between electrical property states by the application of energy, includes depositing an electrical conductor layer, depositing dielectric material layers and etching to create a first electrode and voids. A memory material is applied into a void to create a memory material element in contact with the first electrode. A second electrode is created to contact the memory material element.

PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT

International Business Machines Corporation, a New York corporation; Macronix International Corporation, Ltd., a Taiwan corporation, and Infineon Technologies A.G., a German corporation, are parties to a Joint Research Agreement.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to high density memory devices based on memory materials, for example resistor random access memory (RRAM) devices, the memory material switchable between electrical property states by the application of energy. The memory materials may be phase change based memory materials, including chalcogenide based materials and other materials, and to methods for manufacturing such devices.

2. Description of Related Art

Phase change based memory materials are widely used in read-write optical disks. These materials have at least two solid phases, including for example a generally amorphous solid phase and a generally crystalline solid phase. Laser pulses are used in read-write optical disks to switch between phases and to read the optical properties of the material after the phase change.

Phase change based memory materials, like chalcogenide based materials and similar materials, also can be caused to change phase by application of electrical current at levels suitable for implementation in integrated circuits. The generally amorphous state is characterized by higher resistivity than the generally crystalline state; this difference in resistance can be readily sensed to indicate data. These properties have generated interest in using programmable resistive material to form nonvolatile memory circuits, which can be read and written with random access.

The change from the amorphous to the crystalline state is generally a lower current operation. The change from crystalline to amorphous, referred to as reset herein, is generally a higher current operation, which includes a short high current density pulse to melt or breakdown the crystalline structure, after which the phase change material cools quickly, quenching the phase change process, allowing at least a portion of the phase change structure to stabilize in the amorphous state. It is desirable to minimize the magnitude of the reset current used to cause transition of phase change material from crystalline state to amorphous state. The magnitude of the reset current needed for reset can be reduced by reducing the size of the phase change material element in the cell and by reducing the size of the contact area between electrodes and the phase change material, so that higher current densities are achieved with small absolute current values through the phase change material element.

One direction of development has been toward using small quantities of programmable resistive material, particularly in small pores. Patents illustrating development toward small pores include: Ovshinsky, “Multibit Single Cell Memory Element Having Tapered Contact,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,687,112, issued Nov. 11, 1997; Zahorik et al., “Method of Making Chalogenide [sic] Memory Device,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,277, issued Aug. 4, 1998; Doan et al., “Controllable Ovonic Phase-Change Semiconductor Memory Device and Methods of Fabricating the Same,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,253, issued Nov. 21, 2000.

In phase change memory, data is stored by causing transitions in the phase change material between amorphous and crystalline states using current. Current heats the material and causes transitions between the states. The change from the amorphous to the crystalline state is generally a lower current operation. The change from crystalline to amorphous, referred to as reset herein, is generally a higher current operation. It is desirable to minimize the magnitude of the reset current used to cause transition of phase change material from crystalline state to amorphous state. The magnitude of the reset current needed for reset can be reduced by reducing the size of the active phase change material element in the cell. One problem associated with phase change memory devices arises because the magnitude of the current required for reset operations depends on the volume of phase change material that must change phase. Thus, cells made using standard integrated circuit manufacturing processes have been limited by the minimum feature size of manufacturing equipment. Thus, techniques to provide sublithographic dimensions for the memory cells must be developed, which can lack uniformity or reliability needed for large scale, high density memory devices.

One approach to controlling the size of the active area in a phase change cell is to devise very small electrodes for delivering current to a body of phase change material. This small electrode structure induces phase change in the phase change material in a small area like the head of a mushroom, at the location of the contact. See, U.S. Pat. No. 6,429,064, issued Aug. 6, 2002, to Wicker, “Reduced Contact Areas of Sidewall Conductor;” U.S. Pat. No. 6,462,353, issued Oct. 8, 2002, to Gilgen, “Method for Fabricating a Small Area of Contact Between Electrodes;” U.S. Pat. No. 6,501,111, issued Dec. 31, 2002, to Lowrey, “Three-Dimensional (3D) Programmable Device;” U.S. Pat. No. 6,563,156, issued Jul. 1, 2003, to Harshfield, “Memory Elements and Methods for Making Same.”

Accordingly, an opportunity arises to devise methods and structures that form memory cells with structures that have small active regions of programmable resistive material using reliable and repeatable manufacturing techniques.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An example of a method for making a memory cell device of the type including a memory material element switchable between electrical property states by the application of energy comprises several steps. A first electrical conductor layer is deposited on a substrate. A first dielectric material layer is deposited over the first electrical conductor layer. A second dielectric material layer is deposited over the first dielectric material layer. A first hole is formed through the first and second dielectric material layers and the first electrical conductor layer to create a first electrode strip from the first electrical conductor layer, the first hole bounded by a side wall. A portion of the side wall defined by the first dielectric material layer is etched to create a recessed region between the first electrode strip and the second dielectric material layer. A third dielectric material is deposited into the first hole, the third dielectric material depositing step carried out to create a void at the recessed region, the void opening onto the first electrode strip. A second hole is formed through the third and second dielectric materials and through the first electrode strip to (1) create a first electrode from the first electrode strip, and (2) intersect the void so that the void includes a first void portion not aligned with the second hole and a second void portion aligned with the second hole. The second void portion and at least a portion of the second hole are filled with a fourth dielectric material leaving at least some of the first void portion open. The second dielectric material layer and portions of the third and fourth dielectric materials above the first dielectric material layer are removed to expose the first void portion. A memory material is applied into the first void portion to create a memory material element with the memory material element in contact with the first electrode. A second electrode conductor layer is applied over the outer surface of the first dielectric material layer and in electrical contact with the memory material element.

In some embodiments of the invention the third dielectric material depositing step deposits the third dielectric material layer onto the second dielectric material layer. The memory material applying step may comprise applying a memory material over the outer surface of the first dielectric material layer; and the method may further comprise removing memory material thereby exposing an outer surface of the first dielectric material layer. The first hole forming step may also comprise creating a first trench extending in a first direction and the second hole forming step may comprise creating generally parallel second trenches oriented generally perpendicular to the first trench.

The methods described herein for formation of a memory cell device of, for example, an RRAM device, can be used to make small phase change gates, bridges or similar structures for other devices.

Various features and advantages of the invention will appear from the following description in which the preferred embodiments have been set forth in detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a simplified side view of a substrate on which a first electrical conductor layer, a first dielectric material layer and a second dielectric material layer have been deposited thereon;

FIG. 2 illustrates the result of forming a first hole through the first and second dielectric material layers and the first electrical conductor layer of the structure of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 illustrates the result of etching a portion of the first dielectric material layer of the structure of FIG. 2 to create a recessed region;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 4-4 of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 shows the result of depositing a third dielectric material into the first hole of the structure of FIGS. 3 and 4 to create a void at the recessed region;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 6-6 of FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 7-7 of FIG. 8 after forming trenches oriented transversely to the voids of FIGS. 5 and 6;

FIGS. 8 and 9 are cross-sectional views taken along lines 8-8 of FIG. 7 and line 9-9 of FIG. 8 illustrating the result of forming the trenches in the structure of FIGS. 5 and 6;

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 10-10 of FIG. 11 after partially filling the voids in the structure of FIG. 7-9;

FIGS. 11 and 12 are cross-sectional views taken along lines 11-11 of FIG. 10 and 12-12 of FIG. 11 illustrating the result of partially filling the voids of the structure of FIG. 7-9;

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 13-13 of FIG. 14 after portions of the structure of FIGS. 10-12 have been removed to expose a first void portion;

FIG. 14 is a top plan view of the structure of FIG. 13;

FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 15-15 of FIG. 14;

FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 16-16 of FIG. 17 after a memory material has been deposited on the structure of FIGS. 13-15;

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 17-17 of FIG. 16;

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 18-18 of FIG. 17;

FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 19-19 of FIG. 20 after a portion of the memory material of the structure of FIGS. 16-18 has been removed creating a memory material element in contact with a first electrode;

FIG. 20 is a top plan view of the structure of FIG. 19;

FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 21-21 of FIG. 20;

FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 22-22 of FIG. 23 showing the structure of FIGS. 19-21 after applying a second electrode conductor layer to create a top or second electrode in contact with the memory material element;

FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 23-23 of FIG. 22; and

FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 24-24 of FIG. 23.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description of the invention will typically be with reference to specific structural embodiments and methods. It is to be understood that there is no intention to limit the invention to the specifically disclosed embodiments and methods but that the invention may be practiced using other features, elements, methods and embodiments. Like elements in various embodiments are commonly referred to with like reference numerals.

Methods for making a memory cell device of the type including a memory material element switchable between electrical property states by the application of energy will be described with reference to FIGS. 1-24. FIG. 1 illustrates, in a simple schematic form, a substrate 10 on which a first electrical conductor layer 12, a first dielectric material layer 14 and a second dielectric material layer 16 are deposited. First electrical conductor layer 12 typically has a thickness of about 50 nm, and preferably about 10 to 75 nm. First dielectric material layer 14 typically has a thickness of about 30 nm, and preferably about 10 to 50 nm. Second dielectric material layer 16 typically has a thickness of about 30 nm, and preferably about 10 to 50 nm. First and second dielectric material layers 14, 16 are made of different dielectric materials such as SiN_(x), SiO₂, SiO_(x)N_(y), amorphous silicon, poly silicon, or other high-k dielectrical materials Al2O3, HfO₂ etc. As discussed below, the choice of the materials for layers 14, 16 is made so that there is a high etch selectivity between the two materials. A preferable etch solution is H₂PO₃ and the same base solution when first dielectric layer 14 is nitride, or DHF (Dilute HF) and BOE (buffer oxide etch solution) when first dielectric layer 14 is oxide and high-k oxide, or KOH and TMAH (Tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution) when first dielectric layer is amorphous silicon or poly silicon

FIG. 2 illustrates the result of etching a trench through layers 16, 14 and 12 to create a first hole 18 bounded by a side wall 20, the first hole extending down to substrate 10. Doing so creates a first electrode strip 22 from first electrode conductor layer 12.

FIGS. 3 and 4 show the structure of FIG. 2 after etching using, for example, H₃PO₄, BOE, (dilute HF), TMAH or KOH. The selection of the etching chemicals and of the materials for layers 14, 16 results in layer 14 being etched, to create an etched first dielectric material layer 26, while layer 16 is substantially unaffected. This etching creates a recessed region 24 between first electrode strip 22 and second dielectric material layer 16. The depth 28 of recessed region 24 is typically about 30 nm, and preferably about 5 to 40 nm. Depth 28 may be controlled by controlling the concentration of the wet etch solution or the etch time, or both.

FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate the result of depositing a third dielectric material layer 30 onto second dielectric material layer 16 and into first hole 18. Third dielectric material layer 30 is typically, but need not be, made of the same material as is second dielectric material layer 16. This creates a void 32 at recessed region 24, the void opening onto first electrode strip 22.

Second holes in the form of transverse trenches 34 are formed through layers 30, 16, 26, through first electrode strip 22 and down to substrate 10. See FIGS. 7-9. Trenches 34 create first and second void portions 36, 38. First void portions 36 are not aligned with second holes 34 while second void portions 38 are aligned with second holes 34. In addition, the formation of trenches 34 creates first electrodes 40 from first electrode strips 22. FIGS. 10-12 show the result of depositing a fourth dielectric material 42, typically of the same material as in layers 30 and 16, into second holes 34 leaving at least some of the first void portions 36 open.

FIG. 13-15 show the result of removing second dielectric material layer 16 and those portions of the third and fourth dielectric material layers 30, 42 above etched first dielectric material layer 26. During so opens first void portions 36 so that a memory material 44 can be deposited on the structure of FIGS. 13-15 to result in the structure of FIG. 16-18. Memory material 44 at least fills first void portions 36 and typically covers layer 26; see FIGS. 16 and 18. It is preferred that memory material 44 be deposited using RF sputtering instead of DC sputtering to reduce roughness of the resulting memory material film. When memory material 44 is GST, the deposition of memory material 44 may be by using traditional plasma vapor deposition (PVD) techniques, long throw PVD, ionized PVD or chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In appropriate circumstances other deposition procedures may also be used.

FIGS. 19-21 show the structure of FIG. 16-18 after polishing to remove the memory material above layer 26 to create memory material elements 46 in direct contact with first electrodes 40. Polishing also creates a smooth, flat surface 48 on which a second electrode conductor layer is deposited, see FIGS. 22-24, to create a second electrode 50 with memory material elements 46 contacting and electrically connecting first and second electrodes 40, 50. The resulting memory cell device 54 is shown in FIGS. 22-24.

First and second electrodes 40, 50 in the disclosed embodiment are preferably made of TiN. Although other materials, such as TaN, TiAlN or TaAlN, may be used for electrodes 40, 50, TiN is presently preferred because it makes good contact with GST (discussed below) as memory material element 46, it is a common material used in semiconductor manufacturing, and it provides a good diffusion barrier at the higher temperatures at which GST-type of memory material transitions, typically in the 600-700° C. range.

Embodiments of memory cell device 54 include phase change based memory materials, including chalcogenide based materials and other materials, for memory material element 46. Chalcogens include any of the four elements oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), and tellurium (Te), forming part of group VI of the periodic table. Chalcogenides comprise compounds of a chalcogen with a more electropositive element or radical. Chalcogenide alloys comprise combinations of chalcogenides with other materials such as transition metals. A chalcogenide alloy usually contains one or more elements from column six of the periodic table of elements, such as germanium (Ge) and tin (Sn). Often, chalcogenide alloys include combinations including one or more of antimony (Sb), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and silver (Ag). Many phase change based memory materials have been described in technical literature, including alloys of: Ga/Sb, In/Sb, In/Se, Sb/Te, Ge/Te, Ge/Sb/Te, In/Sb/Te, Ga/Se/Te, Sn/Sb/Te, In/Sb/Ge, Ag/In/Sb/Te, Ge/Sn/Sb/Te, Ge/Sb/Se/Te and Te/Ge/Sb/S. In the family of Ge/Sb/Te alloys, a wide range of alloy compositions may be workable. The compositions can be characterized as Te_(a)Ge_(b)Sb100_(−(a+b)).

One researcher has described the most useful alloys as having an average concentration of Te in the deposited materials well below 70%, typically below about 60% and ranged in general from as low as about 23% up to about 58% Te and most preferably about 48% to 58% Te. Concentrations of Ge were above about 5% and ranged from a low of about 8% to about 30% average in the material, remaining generally below 50%. Most preferably, concentrations of Ge ranged from about 8% to about 40%. The remainder of the principal constituent elements in this composition was Sb. These percentages are atomic percentages that total 100% of the atoms of the constituent elements. (Ovshinsky '112 patent, columns 10-11.) Particular alloys evaluated by another researcher include Ge₂Sb₂Te₅, GeSb₂Te₄ and GeSb₄Te₇. (Noboru Yamada, “Potential of Ge—Sb—Te Phase-Change Optical Disks for High-Data-Rate Recording”, SPIE v.3109, pp. 28-37 (1997).) More generally, a transition metal such as chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), niobium (Nb), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt) and mixtures or alloys thereof may be combined with Ge/Sb/Te to form a phase change alloy that has programmable resistive properties. Specific examples of memory materials that may be useful are given in Ovshinsky '112 at columns 11-13, which examples are hereby incorporated by reference.

Phase change alloys are capable of being switched between a first structural state in which the material is in a generally amorphous solid phase, and a second structural state in which the material is in a generally crystalline solid phase in its local order in the active channel region of the cell. These alloys are at least bistable. The term amorphous is used to refer to a relatively less ordered structure, more disordered than a single crystal, which has the detectable characteristics such as higher electrical resistivity than the crystalline phase. The term crystalline is used to refer to a relatively more ordered structure, more ordered than in an amorphous structure, which has detectable characteristics such as lower electrical resistivity than the amorphous phase. Typically, phase change materials may be electrically switched between different detectable states of local order across the spectrum between completely amorphous and completely crystalline states. Other material characteristics affected by the change between amorphous and crystalline phases include atomic order, free electron density and activation energy. The material may be switched either into different solid phases or into mixtures of two or more solid phases, providing a gray scale between completely amorphous and completely crystalline states. The electrical properties in the material may vary accordingly.

Phase change alloys can be changed from one phase state to another by application of electrical pulses. It has been observed that a shorter, higher amplitude pulse tends to change the phase change material to a generally amorphous state. A longer, lower amplitude pulse tends to change the phase change material to a generally crystalline state. The energy in a shorter, higher amplitude pulse is high enough to allow for bonds of the crystalline structure to be broken and short enough to prevent the atoms from realigning into a crystalline state. Appropriate profiles for pulses can be determined, without undue experimentation, specifically adapted to a particular phase change alloy. A material useful for implementation of an RRAM device described herein is Ge₂Sb₂Te₅, commonly referred to as GST. Other types of phase change materials can also be used.

The invention has sometimes been described with reference to phase change materials. However, other memory materials, also sometimes referred to as programmable materials, can also be used. As used in this application, memory materials are those materials having electrical properties, such as resistance, that can be changed by the application of energy; the change can be a stepwise change or a continuous change or a combination thereof. Other programmable resistive memory materials may be used in other embodiments of the invention, including N2 doped GST, Ge_(x)Sb_(y), or other material that uses different crystal phase changes to determine resistance; Pr_(x)Ca_(y)MnO₃, PrSrMnO₃, ZrO_(x), or other material that uses an electrical pulse to change the resistance state; 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), methanofullerene 6,6-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), TCNQ-PCBM, Cu-TCNQ, Ag-TCNQ, C60-TCNQ, TCNQ doped with other metal, or any other polymer material that has bistable or multi-stable resistance state controlled by an electrical pulse. Further examples of programmable resistive memory materials include GeSbTe, GeSb, NiO, Nb—SrTiO₃, Ag—GeTe, PrCaMnO, ZnO, Nb₂O₅, Cr—SrTiO₃.

The following are short summaries describing four types of resistive memory materials.

1. Chalcogenide material

Ge_(x)Sb_(y)Te_(z)

x:y:z=2:2:5

Or other compositions with x: 0˜5; y: 0˜5; z: 0˜10

GeSbTe with doping, such as N—, Si—, Ti—, or other element doping may also be used.

Formation method: By PVD sputtering or magnetron-sputtering method with reactive gases of Ar, N₂, and/or He, etc chalcogenide @ the pressure of 1 mtorr˜100 mtorr. The deposition is usually done at room temperature. The collimator with aspect ratio of 1˜5 can be used to improve the fill-in performance. To improve the fill-in performance, the DC bias of several ten to several hundred volts is also used. On the other hands the combination of DC bias and the collimator can be used simultaneously.

The post deposition annealing treatment with vacuum or N2 ambient is sometimes needed to improve the crystallize state of chalcogenide material. The annealing temperature typically ranges 100 C to 400 C with an anneal time of less than 30 minutes.

The thickness of chalcogenide material depends on the design of cell structure. In general, a chalcogenide material with thickness of higher than 8 nm can have a phase change characterization so that the material exhibits at least two stable resistance states.

2. CMR (colossal magneto resistance) material

Pr_(x)Ca_(y)MnO₃

x:y=0.5:0.5

Or other compositions with x: 0˜1; y: 0˜1

Another CMR material that includes Mn oxide may be used

Formation method: By PVD sputtering or magnetron-sputtering method with reactive gases of Ar, N₂, O₂, and/or He, etc. at the pressure of 1 mtorr˜100 mtorr. The deposition temperature can range from room temperature to ˜600 C, depending on the post deposition treatment condition. A collimator with an aspect ratio of 1˜5 can be used to improve the fill-in performance. To improve the fill-in performance, the DC bias of several ten to several hundred volts is also used. On the other hand, the combination of DC bias and the collimator can be used simultaneously. A magnetic field of several ten gauss to 10,000 gauss may be applied to improve the magnetic crystallized phase.

The post deposition annealing treatment with vacuum or N₂ ambient or O₂/N₂ mixed ambient may be needed to improve the crystallized state of CMR material. The annealing temperature typically ranges 400 C to 600 C with an anneal time of less than 2 hours.

The thickness of CMR material depends on the design of cell structure. The CMR thickness of 10 nm to 200 nm can be used to be the core material.

A buffer layer of YBCO (YBaCuO3, a kind of high temperature superconductor material) is often used to improve the crystallized state of CMR material. The YBCO is deposited before the deposition of CMR material. The thickness of YBCO ranges 30 nm to 200 nm.

3. 2-element compound

Ni_(x)O_(y); Ti_(x)O_(y); Al_(x)O_(y); W_(x)O_(y); Zn_(x)O_(y); Zr_(x)O_(y); Cu_(x)O_(y); etc

x:y=0.5:0.5

Other compositions with x: 0˜1; y: 0˜1

Formation method:

1. Deposition: By PVD sputtering or magnetron-sputtering method with reactive gases of Ar, N₂, O₂, and/or He, etc. at the pressure of 1 mtorr˜100 mtorr, using a target of metal oxide, such as Ni_(x)O_(y); Ti_(x)O_(y); Al_(x)O_(y); W_(x)O_(y); Zn_(x)O_(y); Zr_(x)O_(y); Cu_(x)O_(y); etc. The deposition is usually done at room temperature. A collimator with an aspect ratio of 1˜5 can be used to improve the fill-in performance. To improve the fill-in performance, the DC bias of several ten to several hundred volts is also used. If desired, they combination of DC bias and the collimator can be used simultaneously.

The post deposition annealing treatment with vacuum or N₂ ambient or O₂/N₂ mixed ambient as sometimes needed to improve the oxygen distribution of metal oxide. The annealing temperature ranges 400 C to 600 C with an anneal time of less than 2 hours.

2. Reactive deposition: By PVD sputtering or magnetron-sputtering method with reactive gases of Ar/O₂, Ar/N₂/O₂, pure O₂, He/O₂, He/N₂/O₂ etc. at the pressure of 1 mtorr˜100 mtorr, using a target of metal oxide, such as Ni, Ti, Al, W, Zn, Zr, or Cu etc. The deposition is usually done at room temperature. A collimator with an aspect ratio of 1˜5 can be used to improve the fill-in performance. To improve the fill-in performance, a DC bias of several ten to several hundred volts is also used. If desired, the combination of DC bias and the collimator can be used simultaneously.

The post deposition annealing treatment with vacuum or N₂ ambient or O₂/N₂ mixed ambient is sometimes needed to improve the oxygen distribution of metal oxide. The annealing temperature ranges 400 C to 600 C with an anneal time of less than 2 hours.

3. Oxidation: By a high temperature oxidation system, such as furnace or RTP system. The temperature ranges from 200 C to 700 C with pure O₂ or N₂/O₂ mixed gas at a pressure of several mtorr to 1 atm. The time can range several minute to hours. Another oxidation method is plasma oxidation. An RF or a DC source plasma with pure O₂ or Ar/O₂ mixed gas or Ar/N₂/O₂ mixed gas at a pressure of 1 mtorr to 100 mtorr is used to oxidize the surface of metal, such as Ni, Ti, Al, W, Zn, Zr, or Cu etc. The oxidation time ranges several seconds to several minutes. The oxidation temperature ranges room temperature to 300 C, depending on the degree of plasma oxidation.

4. Polymer material

TCNQ with doping of Cu, C₆₀, Ag etc.

PCBM-TCNQ mixed polymer

Formation method:

1. Evaporation: By thermal evaporation, e-beam evaporation, or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) system. A solid-state TCNQ and dopant pellets are co-evaporated in a single chamber. The solid-state TCNQ and dopant pellets are put in a W-boat or a Ta-boat or a ceramic boat. A high electrical current or an electron-beam is applied to melt the source so that the materials are mixed and deposited on wafers. There are no reactive chemistries or gases. The deposition is done at a pressure of 10-4 torr to 10-10 torr. The wafer temperature ranges from room temperature to 200 C.

The post deposition annealing treatment with vacuum or N₂ ambient is sometimes needed to improve the composition distribution of polymer material. The annealing temperature ranges room temperature to 300 C with an anneal time of less than 1 hour.

2. Spin-coat: By a spin-coater with the doped-TCNQ solution @ the rotation of less than 1000 rpm. After spin-coating, the wafer is put to wait the solid-state formation @ room temperature or temperature of less than 200 C. The waiting time ranges from several minutes to days, depending on the temperature and on the formation conditions.

For additional information on the manufacture, component materials, use and operation of phase change random access memory devices, see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/155,067, filed 17 Jun. 2005, entitled Thin Film Fuse Phase Change Ram And Manufacturing Method.

The above descriptions may have used terms such as above, below, top, bottom, over, under, et cetera. These terms are used to aid understanding of the invention are not used in a limiting sense.

While the present invention is disclosed by reference to the preferred embodiments and examples detailed above, it is to be understood that these examples are intended in an illustrative rather than in a limiting sense. It is contemplated that modifications and combinations will occur to those skilled in the art, which modifications and combinations will be within the spirit of the invention and the scope of the following claims.

Any and all patents, patent applications and printed publications referred to above are hereby incorporated by reference. 

1. A method for making a memory cell device of the type including a memory material element switchable between electrical property states by the application of energy, the method comprising: depositing a first electrical conductor layer on a substrate; depositing a first dielectric material layer over the first electrical conductor layer; depositing a second dielectric material layer over the first dielectric material layer; forming a first hole through the first and second dielectric material layers and the first electrical conductor layer to create a first electrode strip from the first electrical conductor layer, the first hole bounded by a side wall; etching a portion of the side wall defined by the first dielectric material layer to create a recessed region between the first electrode strip and the second dielectric material layer; depositing a third dielectric material into the first hole, the third dielectric material depositing step carried out to create a void at the recessed region, the void opening onto the first electrode strip; forming a second hole through the third and second dielectric materials and through the first electrode strip to (1) create a first electrode from the first electrode strip, and (2) intersect the void so that the void includes a first void portion not aligned with the second hole and a second void portion aligned with the second hole; filling the second void portion and at least a portion of the second hole with a fourth dielectric material leaving at least some of the first void portion open; removing the second dielectric material layer and portions of the third and fourth dielectric materials above the first dielectric material layer to expose the first void portion; applying a memory material into the first void portion to create a memory material element with the memory material element in contact with the first electrode; and applying a second electrode conductor layer over the outer surface of the first dielectric material layer and in electrical contact with the memory material element.
 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the third and fourth dielectric materials are the same material as the second dielectric material layer.
 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the third dielectric material depositing step deposits the third dielectric material layer onto the second dielectric material layer.
 4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the memory material applying step comprises applying a memory material over the outer surface of the first dielectric material layer; and further comprising removing memory material thereby exposing an outer surface of the first dielectric material layer.
 5. The method according to claim 1 wherein the first hole forming step comprises creating a first trench extending in a first direction and the second hole forming step comprises creating generally parallel second trenches oriented generally perpendicular to the first trench.
 6. A method for making a memory cell device of the type including a memory material element switchable between electrical property states by the application of energy, the method comprising: depositing a first electrical conductor layer on a substrate; depositing a first dielectric material layer over the first electrical conductor layer; depositing a second dielectric material layer over the first dielectric material layer; forming a first trench through the first and second dielectric material layers and the first electrical conductor layer to create a first electrode strip from the first electrical conductor layer, the first trench bounded by a side wall; etching a portion of the side wall defined by the first dielectric material layer to create a recessed region between the first electrode strip and the second dielectric material layer; depositing a third dielectric material onto the second dielectric material and into the first trench, the third dielectric material depositing step carried out to create a void at the recessed region, the void opening onto the first electrode strip; forming generally parallel second trenches through the third and second dielectric materials and through the first electrode strip to (1) create a first electrode from the first electrode strip, and (2) intersect the void so that the void includes a first void portion not aligned with the second trench and a second void portion aligned with the second trench, the second trenches oriented generally parallel to the first trench; filling the second void portion and at least a portion of the second trench with a fourth dielectric material leaving at least some of the first void portion open; removing the second dielectric material layer and portions of the third and fourth dielectric materials above the first dielectric material layer to expose the first void portion; applying a memory material over the outer surface of the first dielectric material layer and into the first void portion; removing memory material thereby exposing an outer surface of the first dielectric material layer to create a memory material element with the memory material element in contact with the first electrode; and applying a second electrode conductor layer over the outer surface of the first dielectric material layer and in electrical contact with the memory material element. 